Glossary The Power of Hydrogen

Alkaline Electrolysis

Alkaline electrolysis is an electrolysis process that uses an alkaline (i.e., basic) solution as the electrolyte between the electrodes. In alkaline water electrolysis for hydrogen production, potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide is typically used as the electrolyte. To prevent the product gases from mixing, the electrode compartments are separated by a gas-tight membrane—known as a diaphragm—that is permeable to hydroxide ions. Alkaline electrolysis is the most established process for water electrolysis and is characterized above all by the high purity of the product gases.
Ammonia

Under normal conditions, ammonia is a pungent-smelling, colorless, water-soluble, and toxic gas that serves as a raw material for a wide variety of products, such as fertilizers and medications. Ammonia is produced from nitrogen and hydrogen using the Haber-Bosch process. Currently, the hydrogen used is typically produced from natural gas via steam reforming, a process that releases CO2 emissions. Due to the high demand for ammonia, the Haber-Bosch process accounts for about two percent of global fossil fuel consumption. The hydrogen required can gradually be replaced by renewable hydrogen produced via electrolysis, in order to operate this process sustainably and without impacting the climate. Due to the abundant availability of nitrogen (air) and its higher energy density compared to hydrogen, ammonia is also being considered as an energy carrier and (due to the existing infrastructure) as a transport medium for hydrogen.
Anthropogenic Climate Change

Without the natural greenhouse effect, life on Earth would not be possible—however, human activity has permanently disrupted this system, leading to what is known as anthropogenic global warming. The main cause of the human-induced increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
Fuel Cell

In a fuel cell, the chemical reaction energy of a continuously supplied fuel and an oxidizing agent is converted into electrical energy. In everyday use, the term “fuel cell” is often used synonymously with “hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.” However, in addition to hydrogen, many other fuels can be used, particularly methanol, butane, or natural gas. A fuel cell is not an energy storage device, but rather a converter. The energy is supplied in a chemically bound form.
Colorful Hydrogen

Hydrogen is classified into different colors depending on the climate impact of its production. The production of gray hydrogen, which relies on fossil fuels, results in CO2 emissions. Blue hydrogen is produced using the same processes, but the resulting CO2 is sequestered or captured and thus does not enter the atmosphere. Green hydrogen is produced via electrolysis using renewable energy sources and is therefore associated with virtually no CO2 emissions.
CCS

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) refers to a group of technologies in which carbon dioxide is captured from exhaust gases—for example, during cement production—and injected into underground formations for long-term storage. The pyrolysis of biomass followed by storage also removes CO₂ from the natural carbon cycle and can be considered a form of CCS.
CCU

Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) refers to the capture of carbon dioxide—particularly from combustion exhaust gases—and its subsequent use as a raw material for chemical or biological processes, or directly, for example, in greenhouses. This extends the carbon cycle, ultimately leading to a fully circular economy.
CO2 Certificate
Chlor-alkali electrolysis

An electrolysis process for producing the key basic chemicals—chlorine, caustic soda, and hydrogen—from an aqueous salt solution. To prevent the products from mixing, the electrode chambers are separated. The most relevant separation methods are the diaphragm, amalgam, and membrane processes. Chlor-alkali electrolysis is one of the most important industrial chemical processes; in Germany alone, it accounts for approximately 2.5% of net electricity generation.
CO2 equivalent / CO2e

A unit of measurement for the climate impact of greenhouse gases, converted to the equivalent impact of CO2. Converting emissions to CO2 equivalents (CO2e) makes it easier to compare different emissions in terms of their climate impact. Methane (CH4), for example, has a global warming potential 28 times greater than that of CO2, so 1 kg of methane is equivalent to 28 kg of CO2e. For nitrous oxide (N2O), this value is 265.
CO2 Budget

Describes the maximum remaining amount of CO2e that humanity may still release into the atmosphere in order to maintain a realistic chance of meeting the two-degree target. To stay within the CO2 budget, emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels must be drastically reduced, and processes must be made more efficient. In addition, it may become necessary to remove CO2 or other greenhouse gases from the atmosphere to offset unavoidable emissions from agriculture and industry.
Point Sources of CO2

Power plants and industrial processes that emit large quantities of CO2 at high concentrations. These point sources are particularly well-suited for CCU/CCS applications, as the CO2 produced can be captured and utilized or stored directly and with relatively little effort.
CO2 sink

Refers to an ecosystem or geological reservoir that temporarily or permanently absorbs and stores carbon. This term should not be confused with that of a carbon storage site. While a reservoir, in the strict sense, is static—that is, it can sequester a specific amount of CO2—sinks are dynamic reservoirs. Their storage capacity can increase (e.g., in newly planted forests) or decrease. Industrial processes can also serve as CO₂ sinks if they use CO₂ as a raw material to manufacture carbon-based products.
Co-electrolysis

Co-electrolysis is a type of electrolysis in which multiple substances are converted simultaneously using electricity. A widely discussed example is the co-electrolysis of water and CO2, which produces synthesis gas (a mixture of hydrogen and CO). By using electricity generated from renewable sources, this process can produce a key building block for the chemical industry, helping to reduce the use of fossil resources while simultaneously utilizing excess CO2.
Steam reforming

This is currently the most important industrial process for producing hydrogen from carbon-based energy sources and water. CO2 is always produced as a byproduct, which puts steam reforming at a disadvantage compared to water electrolysis using electricity from renewable energy sources. Natural gas is currently the most important feedstock; in principle, many hydrocarbons such as light gasoline, methanol, biogas, or biomass are suitable as starting materials. The efficiency (natural gas to hydrogen) is approximately 60 to 70%.
Decarbonization

Refers to the transition of the economy—particularly the energy sector—toward a lower carbon footprint. The goal is to incorporate carbon only into products, rather than using it as an energy source. Currently, for example, only about 20% of the crude oil extracted is used as a raw material, while the rest is burned directly to generate electricity and heat and as fuel.
Depolymerization
Diffuse Emissions
Direct Air Capture

Refers to a group of technologies that can remove CO2 directly from the atmosphere without relying on point sources of CO2, such as those found in industrial settings. This not only prevents CO2 emissions but also actively reduces the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Technologies currently being developed for this purpose include reversible adsorption processes, such as amine scrubbing or membrane processes, in which CO2 is separated from the other components of the air. Due to the low concentration of CO2 in the air, these processes are complex and therefore still relatively expensive at this time.
Direct Separation Calcination

In this cement production process, the raw material—limestone—is indirectly heated and calcined. The pure CO2 released during this process is captured and can then be transported and used. Since it no longer needs to be separated from a mixture of exhaust gases, this process requires less energy than other CO2 capture processes.
Downcycling

Downcycling refers to the recycling of waste. However, in this case, the recycled material is not used for equivalent applications and is ultimately of lower quality than the original material. Construction debris, for example, is often used as fill material in road construction.
DRI Process

In the DRI process, also known as direct reduction, iron ore (iron oxide) is reduced directly—currently mostly using natural gas, but in the future using hydrogen. In this process, the hydrogen reacts with the oxygen in the iron ore (iron oxide) to form “direct reduced iron” (DRI), also known as sponge iron. Instead of CO2, the DRI process produces water. For further processing, the sponge iron is melted together with steel scrap in an electric arc furnace.
Dark Calm

Describes the simultaneous occurrence of darkness and calm conditions. This weather pattern typically occurs in winter and results in lower solar and wind energy output at a time when electricity demand is seasonally high. To prevent outages even in a power grid supplied entirely by renewable energy sources, the following components must be expanded: new, independent storage solutions, load flexibility, and a mix of technologies for electricity generation.
Electrolysis

A process in which substances are broken down into their constituent parts using an electric current. The most important electrolysis processes are used to produce hydrogen, aluminum, chlorine, and caustic soda. In particular, water electrolysis for the production of hydrogen using electricity from renewable energy sources is a key component in the transition to a climate-neutral society.
Emissions Trading

An environmental policy tool aimed at reducing pollutant emissions at the lowest possible economic cost. This quantity-based system is well-suited to the underlying problem (CO2 budget). Allocation takes place through the market. In the European Union, emissions trading (ETS) was legally introduced in 2005. Currently, the EU ETS covers electricity generation as well as certain industrial sectors, such as steel and cement production.
Energy Balance

The energy balance reflects the total energy required for the manufacture, operation, and end-of-life management (disposal or recycling) of products. It takes into account not only the energy consumed during production, but also the energy and resources required for manufacturing and disposal.
Energy Efficiency

Describes the ratio of product, resource, or energy yield (output) to the energy supplied (input). Energy efficiency is thus understood as the rational use of energy. Optimized processes are intended to minimize the quantitative and qualitative losses that occur during the conversion, transport, and storage of energy, in order to achieve a specified (energy-related) benefit while reducing the use of primary or final energy.
Energy Security

This refers to maintaining an adequate, stable, and predictable energy supply. The transition from the controllable use of fossil fuels to volatile renewable energy sources, such as wind power and photovoltaics, is creating new challenges in the energy market that must be addressed through a mix of technologies for energy generation and storage, as well as load flexibility.
Energy Storage

Against the backdrop of the energy transition, they are used to store energy that is available but not currently needed for later use. In this process, energy is often converted into other forms, such as from electrical to chemical energy (battery or PtX), which can then be converted back into the desired form for later use when needed.
EnWG

The German Electricity and Gas Supply Act (Energiewirtschaftsgesetz – EnWG) first came into effect in 1935 and was most recently revised in 2005. It contains fundamental provisions governing the regulation of grid-based energy. The objectives of the EnWG are to ensure the supply of electricity and gas to the general public via transmission networks in a manner that is as secure, affordable, consumer-friendly, efficient, and environmentally sound as possible, as well as to ensure effective and undistorted competition.
Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy Act (EEG)

The German Act on the Expansion of Renewable Energies (Renewable Energy Act, or EEG 2017 for short) regulates the priority feed-in of electricity from renewable sources into the power grid and guarantees fixed feed-in tariffs to their producers. Since the 2016/2017 amendment to the EEG, the law has largely shifted to a tendering process designed to achieve specified expansion targets as cost-effectively as possible. The quantitative cap on renewable energy expansion under the EEG is the subject of heated debate.
Renewable Energy Directive

In 2009, the Renewable Energy Directive established binding targets for European Union member states regarding the share of renewable energy in total energy demand to be achieved by 2020. The goal was to achieve a share of renewable energy of at least 20 percent across the entire EU. In 2018, a revised Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) was presented, which, among other things, sets a mandatory share of renewable energy at 32 percent by 2030. Among other measures, the directive also mandates a 14 percent share of renewable energy in the transportation sector. The use of green hydrogen in the refining process is also to be counted toward this target.
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is a process in which synthesis gas—a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen—is converted into liquid, long-chain hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons are used as synthetic fuels, motor oils, and feedstocks for the chemical industry. Conventionally, synthesis gas is produced from fossil raw materials through gasification; alternatively, however, it can also be produced from CO₂ through reaction with hydrogen or co-electrolysis with water, thereby providing the basis for carbon-neutral synthetic fuels.
Fossil Fuels
Global Average Temperature

Climate effects are complex and vary dynamically from region to region, so a stronger greenhouse effect can lead to a rise in temperature, but also to cooling in some local areas. To measure climate change, therefore, we must rely on a globally averaged temperature.
Basic Industries

The term “basic materials industry” refers to all industrial sectors that extract raw materials (e.g., ores, rocks, petroleum, salts, wood) and make them available for use in the manufacturing sector. Since resource extraction often requires a great deal of energy, there is significant potential here for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Haber-Bosch process

In the Haber-Bosch process, ammonia is produced from nitrogen and hydrogen. Currently, the hydrogen used is produced from natural gas via steam reforming, a process that releases CO2 emissions. Due to the high demand for ammonia, the Haber-Bosch process accounts for about two percent of global fossil fuel consumption. The hydrogen required can gradually be replaced by renewable hydrogen produced via electrolysis, allowing this process to be operated sustainably and without impacting the climate.
High-Pressure Electrolysis

High-pressure electrolysis is an electrolysis process carried out under high system pressure. Electrolysis is typically carried out at ambient pressure or at moderately elevated pressures. In water electrolysis in particular, an elevated process pressure of up to 200 bar is advantageous, as it eliminates the need for subsequent, costly compression of the hydrogen product. Due to the solid electrolyte, PEM electrolysis is better suited for high-pressure electrolysis than alkaline electrolysis.
High-Temperature Electrolysis

High-temperature electrolysis is a method of water electrolysis characterized by a high process temperature of up to 900 °C (as opposed to the usual < 80 °C). Consequently, the water is supplied in the form of steam. The high temperature improves the reaction kinetics of the electrolysis, thereby reducing the power requirement. High-temperature electrolyzers are typically implemented using solid oxide electrolytes (SOEC = Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cell), which are permeable to O2— or H+ ions. The high operating temperature can be provided, for example, by waste heat from other processes.
IPCC

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, often referred to in German as the “World Climate Council.” The panel’s primary task is to compile and evaluate, from a scientific perspective, the scientific basis and the current state of global research on the impacts of climate change and its risks, as well as mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Catalytic Cracking

Catalytic cracking refers to a chemical process in which organic substances are heated in the presence of a catalyst. The catalytic cracking process is used to break down various higher-boiling petroleum fractions. Climate neutrality: Processes or products are considered climate-neutral if they have no impact on climate change—that is, if they are not associated with greenhouse gas emissions. To limit anthropogenic climate change to an acceptable level, negative emissions (climate-positive measures) may also be necessary. Climate neutrality is often used synonymously with greenhouse gas neutrality.
Climate sensitivity

Climate sensitivity is a measure of how sensitively the globally averaged near-surface air temperature on Earth responds to changes in carbon dioxide concentration. It represents the temperature change the Earth would experience if the CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere were to double and is expressed in degrees Celsius. This assumes that the climate is in equilibrium before and after the change; that is, one considers an initial and final state without the gradual warming that occurs between these reference points. In contrast, when considering the change in climate up to a specific point in time, the term “effective climate sensitivity” is also used.
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (CO2), also commonly known as carbon dioxide, is a key component of the global carbon cycle and, as a constituent of the atmosphere, an important greenhouse gas. Due to human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen from approximately 280 ppm (parts per million) to about 410 ppm since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Current climate change and the rise in global average temperature are largely attributable to this increase.
Carbon Cycle

The system of chemical transformations of carbon-containing compounds in the global systems of rock, water, the atmosphere, and biomass, as well as the exchange of these compounds between these systems. Understanding this cycle, including its subprocesses, makes it possible, among other things, to assess human impacts on the climate and their effects on global warming, and to respond appropriately.
Combined Heat and Power

The simultaneous generation of mechanical energy—which is typically converted directly into electricity—and usable heat for heating purposes (district heating or local heating) or for production processes (process heat) in a single thermodynamic process, usually in a combined heat and power plant.
Load flexibility

Describes the ability to use electricity flexibly. The flexible use of electricity in energy-intensive processes is a key component of the energy transition, as it helps buffer the fluctuating electricity production from volatile renewable energy sources (sun, wind) to prevent overloading the power grid and the need for additional energy storage.
Lithium-ion battery

A general term for battery types based on lithium compounds in all three components of the electrochemical cell. The materials in both the negative and positive electrodes, as well as the electrolyte, contain lithium ions. Compared to other battery types, lithium-ion batteries have a high energy density; however, they typically require protection circuits because they can be damaged by deep discharge or overcharging.
LOHC

Liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) serve as “carriers” for hydrogen (H2). To do this, they are loaded with hydrogen (hydrogenation). This is because H₂ is easier to transport than molecular hydrogen and is compatible with existing infrastructure. At the point of consumption, the compound is then typically dehydrogenated so that the H₂ is once again available in its free form and can be used. The depleted “carrier” can then be reused.
Methane
Methanization
Methanol
Methanol Fuel Cell

In a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), methanol is oxidized in a controlled reaction with oxygen to form CO2 and water, thereby generating electricity. Since the system operates almost silently and handling the liquid fuel (a methanol-water mixture) is relatively simple compared to hydrogen, this type of power generation is used primarily for camping, military equipment, or remote monitoring stations.
Methanol Synthesis

Methanol is conventionally synthesized from synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Alternatively, CO2 can serve as a carbon source in a slightly modified process to provide the chemical industry with this important basic chemical in a carbon-neutral manner. Since the chemical value chain currently relies on fossil resources, the synthesis gas route has been more efficient to date. However, as the industry transitions toward climate neutrality, economically viable operations based on CO₂ are also expected.
Negative Emissions

Negative emissions refer to the deliberate removal of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2, from the atmosphere—either through the expansion of CO2-absorbing ecosystems or through industrial processes. Industrial processes are based either on removing CO2 from the air (direct air capture, enhanced weathering), combined with sequestering it in products or storing the CO2, or on utilizing biomass in combination with a storage solution (biochar, BECCS).
Negative-emission technologies
Net-zero emissions

In its 2018 report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced to zero in order to stabilize global temperatures. Since there are areas where these emissions cannot be completely avoided—such as in agriculture or certain industrial sectors—these emissions must be offset to achieve net-zero emissions.
Paris Convention
PEM Electrolysis

Short for proton-exchange membrane or polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis. A process for water electrolysis that uses a solid-state electrolyte, which simultaneously serves to separate the electrode compartments and thus prevents the product gases from mixing. The solid-state electrolyte is permeable to H+ ions. PEM electrolysis offers excellent controllability in terms of operating power and is therefore particularly well-suited for operation with electricity from volatile renewable energy sources. Thanks to the long-lasting solid-state electrolyte, maintenance requirements are low. PEM electrolysers are currently still operated in comparatively low power ranges.
Power-to-Gas (P2G)

This is an energy concept (or technology) in which hydrogen is produced through water electrolysis using electricity. The power-to-gas concept also includes the downstream methanation of CO2, if applicable. The gas produced in this way can serve as a resource in various industrial sectors, as fuel for vehicles such as fuel cell vehicles, or as an energy storage solution with subsequent reconversion to electricity.
Power-to-X

Refers to various technologies for storing or otherwise utilizing electricity. Power-to-X technologies (also known as P2X or PtX) are particularly important in times of a (future) surplus of electricity from variable renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower, in order to efficiently utilize these supply peaks.
Pyrolysis

This is the thermal treatment of carbon-containing compounds at temperatures ranging from 350 to 900 °C in a low-oxygen atmosphere. During this process, three carbon-containing products are formed, which can subsequently be stored in various ways to generate negative emissions: biochar (used to improve soil or build carbon sinks), pyrolytic liquid (creosote), and pyrolysis gas (which, after combustion, can be stored as CO₂ in geological reservoirs).
Redox-flow battery

A type of battery in which electrical energy is stored in chemical compounds that are dissolved in a solvent and can circulate and be stored in separate circuits. Charging and discharging take place in a central cell, which determines the battery’s maximum power output. The storage capacity, on the other hand, is determined solely by the size of the storage tanks used.
Reforming
Solvolysis

Solvolysis is a special case of chemical depolymerization (though the two terms are often used interchangeably in the literature) that is applicable to polycondensates (e.g., polyesters, polyamides), particularly in the form of hydrolysis (bond cleavage with water as a reactant). Various solvents can be used. Accordingly, solvolysis can be further subdivided into glycolysis, methanolysis, hydrolysis, and aminolysis.
Synthesis gas

In the chemical industry, this term refers to a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide that can be used flexibly to synthesize a wide variety of compounds. Currently, synthesis gas is primarily produced from fossil resources. In the future, however, it may also be produced from renewable sources such as water (electrolysis) and CO2.
Synthetic Fuels

Conventional fuels, such as gasoline, diesel, or kerosene, are produced from crude oil and therefore have a poor carbon footprint. Synthetic fuels can have the same properties as conventional fuels but can be produced from renewable resources, albeit with a comparatively high energy input.
Greenhouse Effect

Global warming caused by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Solar radiation delivers energy to Earth in the form of short-wave radiation as it passes through the atmosphere. Long-wave radiation, on the other hand—which is emitted as thermal radiation from the Earth’s surface and the heated air—cannot pass through the atmosphere unimpeded and is partially reflected by greenhouse gases, resulting in a buildup of heat.
Greenhouse gases

These are infrared-active gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4), which contribute to the greenhouse effect. They absorb and reflect some of the long-wave infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface—radiation that would otherwise escape into space—thereby causing heat to build up in the atmosphere.
Greenhouse Gas Neutrality

A process can be described as greenhouse gas-neutral if it does not generate any greenhouse gas emissions and therefore has no impact on the climate. The term can be extended to entire sectors or societies. Greenhouse gas neutrality is often used synonymously with climate neutrality.
UNFCCC

Abbreviation for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The goal of this international agreement, concluded in 1992, is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Since 1995, the parties to the UNFCCC have met annually at so-called climate summits to discuss concrete steps toward achieving the agreed-upon goal. In 1997, the UNFCCC adopted the Kyoto Protocol, a supplementary protocol to the Climate Convention. The Paris Agreement, adopted in 2015, requires all countries for the first time to define and implement mitigation targets and to subject their progress to review. Every five years, the targets are to be compared with the latest scientific findings and adjusted accordingly.
Unavoidable CO2 Emissions
Heat Pump

A system that, through the application of mechanical work, absorbs thermal energy from a lower-temperature reservoir (e.g., air or the ground) and—together with the drive energy—transfers it as useful heat to a higher-temperature system that needs to be heated. Thus, its mode of operation corresponds to the reverse of the combined heat and power process.
Heat storage

Thermal energy storage. Thermal energy storage systems can be built in various sizes, ranging from small, decentralized systems to large, centralized storage facilities. In addition to storing thermal energy, the primary goal of thermal energy storage systems is to decouple the generation and use of heat over time.
Hydrogen

It is considered the energy source of the future because it produces no harmful emissions—particularly no carbon dioxide—when it is produced via water electrolysis using renewable energy sources such as wind or solar power. Currently (2019), hydrogen production still relies almost exclusively on fossil fuels as a primary energy source, primarily through natural gas reforming. The use of hydrogen produced in this way therefore generates CO2 emissions.
Hydrogen Fuel Cell

In a hydrogen fuel cell—commonly referred to simply as a fuel cell—hydrogen and oxygen are made to react in a controlled manner to form water, thereby generating electricity. Since the overall reaction in the fuel cell corresponds to a combustion reaction, this process is also referred to as “cold combustion.” The reaction taking place here is the reverse of hydrogen electrolysis, in which water is split into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity. White Certificate White certificates are systems in which market participants—primarily energy suppliers and grid operators—are required to achieve a specific savings target within a set period and to implement energy efficiency measures for consumers. The certificates document the energy-saving measures in terms of quantity and time period. For energy savings achieved, the market participant receives corresponding certificates, which they can either use to meet their own obligations or sell to other obligated market participants. If a obligated energy supplier or distributor has not accumulated any certificates, or has accumulated too few, it faces a penalty fee.
World Climate Report

Colloquial German term for the regular assessment reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Every five to seven years, through an editorial process involving recognized experts in the field, these reports summarize the current state of global research on the causes and consequences of climate change, as well as options for adaptation and emissions reduction.
Weather and Climate

In everyday language, people often do not make a clear distinction between weather and climate, even though this distinction is essential for understanding the climate system. Weather refers to the constantly changing atmospheric conditions we experience every day, which can only be predicted over short periods of time. Climate, on the other hand, refers to the average weather conditions over a longer period of time at a specific location. Climate, therefore, cannot be measured directly but is a statistical average derived from many measurements.
Efficiency

Describes the efficiency of a technical device or system as a dimensionless ratio or percentage—typically the ratio of useful energy to input energy. Efficiency is an important metric for evaluating processes and storage technologies, particularly in the context of the energy transition and efficient energy use.
Two-Degree Target

The Paris Agreement commits the world’s nations to keeping the rise in global average temperature well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and to making efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C, in order to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change and prevent the occurrence of potential tipping points.

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Glossary The Power of Hydrogen